Isu-Isu Prinsipil dalam Pelaksanaan (secara paksa) Putusan Arbitrase Nasional di Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63400/balj.v2i1.23Keywords:
pelaksanaan putusan arbitrase, eksekusi, iktikad baik, final and binding, sukarelaAbstract
Abstrak
Salah satu tolak ukur efektivitas dari proses arbitrase adalah terlaksananya putusan arbitrase. Pelaksanaan memang dapat didistingsikan menjadi dua, yaitu: (1) pelaksanaan secara sukarela; dan (2) pelaksanaan secara paksa yang biasa disebut dengan eksekusi melalui Pengadilan Negeri. Akan tetapi, terdapat berbagai karakteristik fundamental dari arbitrase yang tidak terjaga dari pelaksanaan putusan arbitrase secara paksa, seperti tidak terjaganya prinsip iktikad baik (good faith) dalam arbitrase dan inefektivitas karakteristik final and binding dari putusan arbitrase. Pun demikian, pada faktanya, berdasarkan data yang diolah secara mandiri oleh BANI Arbitration Centre sampai tahun 2023, tetap terdapat realitas adanya putusan yang tidak dilaksanakan secara sukarela meskipun hanya sekitar 27-30%. Di samping itu, di dalam UU No. 30 Tahun 1999 tentang Arbitrase dan Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa, terdapat juga isu terkait dengan eksekusi putusan arbitrase nasional di Indonesia, yaitu adanya frasa bahwa putusan arbitrase hanya dapat dilaksanakan bilamana putusan tersebut didaftarkan ke Pengadilan Negeri, dan terbukanya peluang penolakan permohonan eksekusi putusan arbitrase nasional melalui Pengadilan Negeri oleh Ketua Pengadilan Negeri yang berwenang atas dasar kesusilaan dan ketertiban umum. Berbagai tulisan yang telah membahas mengenai pelaksanaan putusan arbitrase nasional di Indonesia belum menyoroti aspek adanya berbagai karakteristik fundamental tersebut yang tidak terjaga dari tidak dilaksanakannya putusan arbitrase secara sukarela serta beberapa isu lainnya. Tulisan ini tidak hendak menghilangkan mekanisme eksekusi, tetapi mendorong bahwa putusan arbitrase seharusnya dilaksanakan secara sukarela.
Abstract
One measure of the effectiveness of the arbitration process is the implementation of the arbitration award; without implementation, the arbitration process becomes futile. It can be distinguished in two forms, namely voluntary compliance and forced enforcement, commonly referred to as execution (“eksekusi”) through the District Court. In fact, based on data independently processed by BANI Arbitration Centre until 2023, around 27-30% of awards are not voluntarily complied; although the number of awards voluntarily complied still exceeds those forced. Additionally, there are various normative issues related to the enforcement of national arbitration awards, namely: (1) the obligation to register national arbitration awards to the District Court within a maximum period of 30 days for the award to be enforceable, giving the impression that arbitration awards can only be enforced after registration with the District Court; and (2) the possibility of the District Court Chief Justice rejecting the application for the execution of national arbitration awards on the grounds of morality and public order. This paper observes that various fundamental characteristics of arbitration are compromised by these issues, such as the undermining of the principle of trust in arbitration and the ineffectiveness of the final and binding nature of arbitration awards. Various writings on the enforcement of national arbitration awards in Indonesia have yet to highlight the aspect of these fundamental characteristics being compromised. The resolution of this issue has two dimensions: a normative dimension and an actor dimension, particularly involving the parties and the arbitrators.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Anangga W. Rossdiono, Muhamad Dzadit Taqwa, Melinda Yunita L. Sirait

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